Canker sores, also known as aphthous ulcers, are small, painful sores that develop inside the mouth. They are not contagious and are one of the most common types of oral lesions. Canker sores usually appear as round or oval-shaped white or yellowish open sores with a red border on the inside of the lips, cheeks, tongue, or at the base of the gums.

There are two main types of canker sores:

Simple Canker Sores: These are the most common type and tend to occur a few times a year. They typically last for about one to two weeks and heal without scarring.

Complex Canker Sores: Less common and more severe, complex canker sores are larger and deeper than simple canker sores. They may take longer to heal and can leave scars.

Symptoms:

Common symptoms associated with canker sores include:

1. Pain: Canker sores are typically painful and can cause discomfort, especially when eating, drinking, or speaking.

2. Small, round, or oval sores: Canker sores appear as shallow, white, or yellowish open sores with a red border. They are usually small, measuring a few millimeters to a centimeter in size.

3. Location: Canker sores typically develop on the inside of the lips, cheeks, tongue, or at the base of the gums. They are not found on the outer surface of the lips (unlike cold sores, which are caused by the herpes simplex virus).

4. Sensitivity: The area surrounding the canker sore may be sensitive or tender to touch.

5. Difficulty eating and drinking: Due to the pain and sensitivity, individuals with canker sores may experience difficulty eating and drinking, especially with acidic or spicy foods.

6. Discomfort while speaking: Talking can become uncomfortable, particularly if the canker sore is located on the tongue or inner cheek.

7. Burning or tingling sensation: Some people may experience a burning or tingling sensation at the site where the canker sore is about to form.

8. Multiple sores: In some cases, multiple canker sores may develop at the same time, making eating and speaking particularly challenging.

9. Duration: Simple canker sores usually last for about one to two weeks before healing on their own. Complex canker sores, which are larger and deeper, may take longer to heal and can leave scars.

Treatments:

1. Canker sores can be quite painful and may make eating, drinking, and speaking uncomfortable. Treatment is usually focused on managing pain and promoting healing.

2. Over-the-counter topical medications: Topical gels, ointments, or creams can provide pain relief and help protect the canker sore from further irritation.

3. Mouth rinses: Antiseptic mouth rinses or mouthwashes containing ingredients like hydrogen peroxide, or baking soda can help reduce inflammation and prevent infection.

4. Cauterization: In some cases, a doctor may use a chemical agent or a laser to cauterize (burn) the canker sore to promote faster healing.

5. Avoiding irritants: Refrain from consuming acidic, spicy, or rough-textured foods that can irritate the canker sores and worsen symptoms.

6. Maintaining good oral hygiene: Gently brush your teeth with a soft toothbrush and use a mild, non-abrasive toothpaste to avoid further irritation.

7. Saltwater rinses: Rinsing your mouth with a warm saltwater solution (1/2 teaspoon of salt in 1 cup of warm water) a few times a day can help soothe the canker sores and promote healing.

8. Avoiding triggers: If you notice that certain foods or factors (e.g., stress) trigger the development of canker sores, try to avoid or manage them to reduce the frequency of outbreaks.

Nutrients and supplements:
1. Vitamin B12 – Some studies suggest that vitamin B12 deficiency may be linked to canker sores.

2. Folate (Vitamin B9) – Folate is essential for cell division and repair, which may be helpful in the healing process of canker sores.

3. Buffered Vitamin C – is an antioxidant that supports the immune system and aids in wound healing.

4. Vitamin D – is essential for immune system regulation and overall health.

5. Zinc – is involved in wound healing and supports immune function.

6. Probiotics – promote a healthy gut microbiome, which may indirectly impact oral health and support the immune system.

7. B-complex supplement – including B1, B2, B6, and B12, may be taken as a supplement to support overall health, including oral health.

8. Nicotinamide – also known as niacinamide or vitamin B3, has been studied for its potential role in reducing the frequency and duration of canker sores. Some research suggests that nicotinamide supplements may be beneficial in managing recurrent outbreaks.

Causes:

The exact cause of canker sores is not entirely understood, but several factors may contribute to their development:

Minor mouth injuries: Accidental bites, cuts, or burns in the mouth can trigger the formation of canker sores.

Certain foods: Acidic or spicy foods can irritate the lining of the mouth and trigger the development of canker sores.

Stress and hormonal changes: Emotional stress and hormonal shifts, such as those during menstruation, may increase the likelihood of canker sores.

Weakened immune system: Individuals with a weakened immune system may be more susceptible to developing canker sores.

Nutritional deficiencies: Lack of essential nutrients, such as vitamin B12, zinc, or iron, may contribute to the occurrence of canker sores in some cases.

Diet:

Following these dietary recommendations may help manage canker sores and reduce discomfort:

1. Soft and Gentle Foods: Stick to soft and easy-to-chew foods to avoid further irritation to the canker sores. Opt for items like yogurt, smoothies, mashed potatoes, oatmeal, cooked vegetables, and soft fruits.

2. Non-Acidic Foods: Avoid or minimize acidic foods and beverages, such as citrus fruits, tomatoes, vinegar, and sodas, as they can irritate canker sores and cause discomfort.

3. Mild and Non-Spicy Foods: Steer clear of spicy and heavily seasoned foods, as they may exacerbate the pain associated with canker sores.

4. Non-Crunchy Foods: Avoid crunchy or hard foods, like chips or crackers, that may scratch the canker sores and prolong healing.

5. Hydration: Drink plenty of water to stay hydrated and maintain moisture in the mouth, which can help prevent additional irritation.

6. Vitamin C-Rich Foods: Consume vitamin C-rich foods to support the immune system and promote healing. Choose non-acidic sources like kiwi, melons, mangoes, and bell peppers.

7. B-Vitamin-Rich Foods: Include foods rich in vitamin B12 and folate, such as fish, poultry, eggs, leafy greens, and legumes, as these vitamins are essential for cell repair and immune function.

8. Yogurt and Probiotics: Incorporate probiotic-rich foods, like yogurt with live cultures or fermented foods, to promote a healthy gut microbiome, which may positively influence oral health.

9. Green Tea: Drinking green tea, which contains antioxidants and anti-inflammatory compounds, may help reduce inflammation and discomfort from canker sores.

10. Avoid Trigger Foods: Pay attention to foods that trigger or worsen your canker sores, and avoid them as much as possible.

Remedies: